General reading rules

• The reading order is from left to right.
• The basic syntactic order is SVO: ℹ️ ^🍽🍮 = I eat polenta.
• The passive sentence is transformed into active to respect the basic order.
• The subject must always be expressed.
• The two symbols ⌊ and ⌋ group, on the right and left, the compound signs: ⌊🏠🛠⌋ = shop, ^⌊👞🔙⌋ = return. In general, every symbols of signs (emojis and/or diacritics) whose meaning is synthetically defined from the sequence itself is delimited by these symbols.
• In the compounds the determined precedes the determinant: ⌊🏠🛠⌋ = shop (“house of tools”).
• The punctuation of the original text is preserved.

Articles

• The definite article is omitted: 🏠 = the house.
• The indefinite article is expressed by 1️⃣ before the noun: 1️⃣🏠 = a house.

Personal pronouns

• The personal pronouns in the singular are: ℹ️ = I, 👆 = you, 🚹 = he, 🚺 = she, ⌊👆🎩⌋ = you (courtesy pronoun).
• The personal pronouns in the plural are obtained duplicating the singular: ⌊ℹ️ℹ️⌋ = we, ⌊👆👆⌋ = you, ⌊🚹🚹⌋ = they, ⌊🚺🚺⌋ = they, ⌊👆🎩👆🎩⌋ = you plural (pronoun of courtesy).
• These pronouns function both as subject pronouns and as complement pronouns.
• The verb is invariable in the person, with compulsory explicit of the subject: ℹ️^🈶 = I am, 👆^🈶 = you are, ⌊👆👆⌋^🈶 = you are.

Verbs

• The verb is invariable in the person, with compulsory explicit of the subject: ℹ️^🈶 = I am, 👆^🈶 = you are, ⌊👆👆⌋^🈶 = you are.
• Verb marker: ^ (circumflex to the left of the emoji). The verb with only the marker (^) applies as infinite, simple indicative, and/or present time. Example: 👞 = shoe, ^👞 = go.
• Past marker: ◀️ Example: ℹ️ ^⌊👞◀️⌋ = I went, I had gone (etc.).
• Future marker: ▶️️ Example: ℹ️ ^⌊👞▶️️⌋ = I will go, I will be gone (etc.).
• Gerund and present participle marker: ⬅️ Example: ^⌊👞⬅️⌋ = going, been going.
• Causative marker: ➡️ Example: ^⌊➡️👞⌋ = to make it go.
• Reflexive marker (when not explicit in the linguistic yield of the verb): 👈 postponed to the verb. Example: ^⌊🗣🔙👈⌋ = answer to oneself.
• Reciprocal marker (when not explicit in the linguistic surrender of the verb): 👥 postponed to the verb. Example: ^⌊👊👥⌋ = beating each other.
• Conditional marker: 🎲 Example: ℹ️ ^⌊🎲👞⌋ = I would go.
• Marker of the imperative and exhortative: ❗️ Example: 👆 ^⌊❗👞⌋ = Go!
• Interrogative marker: ❓ Example: 👆 ^⌊❓👞⌋ = Are you going?
• Impersonal marker: 👉 Example: 👉^🌧 = Piove

Adjectives

• The adjective is placed to the right of the noun: 🏠🔆 = beautiful house.
• The plural of nouns and adjectives is obtained with the duplication of the sign: 🏠 = house, ⌊🏠🏠⌋ = houses, ⌊🏠🛠⌋ = workshop, ⌊🏠🛠🏠🛠⌋ = workshops, ⌊🏠🛠⌋ 🐽 = dirty workshop, ⌊🏠🛠🏠🛠⌋ ⌊🐽🐽⌋ = dirty workshops.
• The marker ◀️ is inserted to the right of the corresponding verb but without deacritic ^ to indicate the past participle (with adjective or substantive value). Example: ⌊👞◀️⌋ = gone.
• The possessive adjectives are obtained by inserting ⏩ before the personal pronoun: ⌊⏩ℹ️⌋ = mine (of me).
• The diminutive form is obtained by inserting 👶 after the adjective. Example: ⌊🐮👶⌋ = calf.
• The pejorative form is obtained by inserting 👹 after the adjective. Example: ⌊👁👹⌋ = stink eyes.
• Comparative: 📶 <adjective> ➡️. Example: 📶🕸➡️ = more thin then.
• Superlative (relative): ⌊<adjective> 💯⌋. Example: ⌊🕸💯⌋ = the thinnest.
• Superlative (absolute): ⌊<adjective>🔝⌋. Esempio: ⌊🕸🔝⌋ = very thin.

Adverbs

• The symbol ⬅️ is inserted to the right of the adjective to transform it into a adverb. Example: 🐌 = slow, ⌊🐌⬅️⌋ = slowly.

Connectives and prepositions

• And (conjunction) ➕. Example: 🏃➕ ⌊👨💟⌋ ^⌊👞🔙◀️️⌋ ▶️️️🏠 = Pinocchio and Geppetto returned home.
• Or, instead of (adverse): 🔁. Example: ⌊🚹🚹⌋ ^🈶 ⌊🃏🃏⌋ 🔁 ⌊🚹🚹⌋ ^🈶 ⌊👿👿⌋❗️ = They are crazy or cheating!
• That (objective): ⏬. Esempio: 🚹 ^⌊👀◀️️⌋ ⏬🤖 ^⌊🔄◀️️⌋ = he saw that the puppet moved. This sign can be omitted if included in the meaning of the regent verb.
• That/who (relative) ↪️. Example: 🏃, ↪️ ^⌊😋◀️️⌋, ^⌊🍽◀️️⌋ = Pinocchio, who was hungry, ate.
• Of (specification): ⏩. Example: 👃⏩🏃 = Pinocchio^s nose; 🔩⏩🚪 = piece of wood.
• To (direction): ▶️️. ️Example: ℹ️^👞 ▶️️ 🏠 = I go home.
• From (origin, derivation): ◀️. ️ example: ℹ️^⌊👞👇⌋◀️️🏠 = I come from home.
• In (inside): ⏺️. Example: ℹ️^🍽⏺🏠 = I eat in the house / at home.
• On (above): 🔼. Example: ^📈🔼 = climb up.
• Down (below): 🔽. Example: 📎👅🔽 = with the language down.
• Above something: ⤵️. Example: 🚹⌊📥◀️️⌋🔨⤵️⛩ = he put the hammer on the table.
• Under something: ⤴️. Example: 🚹⌊📥 ◀️ ️⌋⌊👞👞⌋⤴️🛏 = he put his shoes under the bed.
• At the center of (between, in the middle of): 🎯. Example: 🎯⌊🔲🏠⌋ = in the center of the room.
• With (company): 📎. Example: 🏃^⌊👞🔙◀️⌋ ▶️️️🏠📎⌊👨💟⌋ = Pinocchio returned home with Geppetto.
• For (because of): ↙️. Example: 🏃^⌊😱◀️️⌋↙️🚹 ^⌊👂◀️️⌋⌊👿🗡👿🗡⌋^⌊👞👇⌋ = Pinocchio was frightened because (for the fact that) he felt the killers arrive.
• For (in order to): ↗️. Example: ↗️🏃^⌊👐◀️️⌋⌊⚜️⚜️⌋ = so that/for Pinocchio to deliver the coins.
• Towards, against, in front of, against: 🆚. Example: ⌊👨💟⌋^⌊🔄◀️️⌋🆚🏃 = Geppetto turned to Pinocchio.
• So that (consecutive): 🔝➡️ (also displaced in the phrase). Example: 🏃^⌊😱◀️️⌋⌊🔝➡️⌋🚹^⌊🍃◀️️⌋ = Pinocchio was so frightened that he trembled.
• Although (concessive) ⌊➕👍🎲⌋ Example: ⌊➕👍🎲⌋🏃🙅^⌊🙏‼️◀️️⌋, 🏃^⌊👞◀️️⌋▶️️🏠 = although he didn^t want to (even if he didn^t want), Pinocchio went home.

Idioms

• The idiomatic expressions are translated with their equivalent non-figurative form; The glossary records the meaning of the original text and also the English non-figurative equivalent. Example: ^⌊👊🔝⌋ = kick someone^s ass (beating very strong).